Smudging is a “sacred ceremony to most First Nations” (Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia) and Métis Nation (Fiola, 2015). Smudging is a significant aspect of Indigenous culture across Turtle Island, connecting people to “spirit and to the creator” using the “sacred medicines sage, sweetgrass, cedar, and tobacco” (

A Canoe Family is like a team, made up of “pullers (paddlers), support crew, and oftentimes Elders and family” from a specific First Nation or Tribe (Chinooknation.org). Julian Brave Noisecat explains that “the traditional oceangoing canoe ...

Relationality is a foundational concept of Indigenous knowledge and philosophy.