Citation Guide: Chicago/Turabian (16th ed.)

"[T]he moment of death occurs while we’re still alive. Life marches right up to the wall of that final darkness, one extreme state of being butting against the other. Not even a breath separates them. Not even a blink of the eye.^"1

• In a note, state the author's full name starting with the author's first name (e.g. Carol Shields).
• In a bibliography, state the author's name in the inverse starting with the author's last name (e.g. Shields, Carol).
• The publisher's name may be slightly abbreviated by omitting The, Inc., Ltd., Co., etc. (14.139 - 14.140).
• If a work contains more than one place of publication, only include the first place listed.  If the place of publication is not well known or could be confused with another place with the same name (e.g. Cambridge), then add the province or state abbreviation in the two-letter postal code format without periods separating the letters (e.g. Cambridge, MA) (14.136, 10.28).

• In the bibliography, if two authors are listed, invert the name of the first author and add a comma with "and" proceeding the second author's name.
• Spell out "and" in letters - do not use an ampersand "&" between the first and second authors' names.
• If the work you are citing is an edition other than the first, include the edition number after the title (14.118).

• For books with more than three, and less than ten authors, all names should be fully cited in the bibliography.
• In the footnote or endnote, however, only the first author's name needs to be fully cited; the rest of the names can be replaced by the phrase "et al."  For example:      4. Bob Evans et al., Governing Sustainable Cities (London: Earthscan, 2005), 12.
• For works with more than ten authors (e.g. in the natural sciences), only the first seven need to be fully cited in the bibliography; the rest of the names can be replaced by the phrase "et al."

• An organization as author may be an organization, association, corporation, committee, city, etc. There is no personal author's name on the title page.
• Provide the organization as author in the bibliography even if the organization is also the publisher. 

• If there is no author on the title page of a work, list instead the name(s) of the editor (ed. or eds.), compiler (comp. or comps.), or translator (trans.).
• The abbreviated forms appear in notes as well as in the bibliography.

• The author's name appears first. In addition, the name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s) or translator(s) appear after the title.
• In the bibliography, a spelled-out version is used: "edited by," "translated by," "compiled by." However, the abbreviations are used in notes.
• In notes, use the abbreviation "ed." (not "eds.") and "comp." (not "comps.") even if there is more than one editor or compiler.

• If a work does not have a known author or editor, begin the note or bibliography entry with the title, unless the author is listed as "Anonymous."

• Start with the author(s) of the chapter. Continue with the chapter title in quotation marks, followed by in (Notes) or In (Bibliography), followed by the title of the whole book and the editor(s).
• Two editors in notes: After the edited book title, type in: ed. followed by the names (e.g. ed. Anne Carr and Mary Stewart).
• Two editors in the bibliography: After the edited book title, type in: edited by Anne Carr and Mary Stewart.
• Include either the chapter (e.g. chap. 2 in notes, Chap. 2 in the bibliography) or the chapter's page range.

• Provide the full journal title in italics - do not abbreviate (14.179).
• Include in notes and the bibliography full publication details: journal volume, issue number (no. 2) and date (may include the month or season as well as year of publication) (e.g. April 1999 or Spring 1992) (14.180).
• If you are citing an article from a journal with continuous pagination within a volume or if you include the month and year of publication, you may omit the journal issue number (14.180).
• If the journal volume or publication date is not apparent, state the issue number only, following the comma after the journal title (14.181).
• In notes, only the page number(s), where the cited reference appears, is given (14.183).
• For the bibliography, the page numbers for the entire article (i.e. from the first to the last page) are given (14.183).

• Cite an online journal article the same as you would a print journal article (see 14.175 - 14.183) but in addition include a DOI or URL and a date of access.
• If available, include a DOI at the end of a note or bibliography entry.  If not available, provide a URL (a stable URL is preferable to the URL in your browser's address bar) of the journal article.  End the DOI or URL with a period (14.184).
• Although Chicago does not recommend that access dates be cited for electronic sources (14.7), certain publishers or disciplines may require this information. If that is the case, the date of retrieval should be placed directly before the DOI or the URL.  Access dates should be written as follows: accessed December 12, 2009 (in a note) and Accessed December 12, 2009 (in the bibliography) (14.185).

• Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date (month/year) only, even if there is a volume/issue number (14.199).
• Note that there is a comma, not a colon, after the date in the bibliography entry (14.199).
• Include a a DOI or URL if you viewed the magazine article online (14.200).
• Make sure to end the DOI or URL with a period (14.184).
• If the article you are citing was found in a database, provide the database name (e.g. CBCA Fulltext Reference) and any identification number in parentheses after the publication details (14.271).

In an article on rampage killers, Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson describe the warning signs either missed or unreported by colleagues, friends, family members or teachers (New York Times, April 10, 2000).¹⁴

• The essential information to provide when citing a newspaper article is the name of the author(s), the article title and the date of issue (14.203).
• The date includes: month/day/year (14.203).
• Page numbers may be omitted (14.203).
• Include an edition statement (e.g. national edition, weekend edition) (14.203).
• Include the URL for an online article (14.203).
• If the article you are citing was found in a database, provide the database name (e.g. Historical New York Times) and any identification number in parentheses after the publication details (14.271).
• Use sentence-style capitalization for article titles (14.204, see also 8.156 - 8.157).
• The city and state or province should be added in parentheses after the name of the newspaper in italics (14.203).  For example: Globe and Mail (Toronto, ON).
• If a newspaper article is described in detail in your paper and included in a note, it is not necessary to list the article in the bibliography (14.206).
• If no author is provided, begin the citation with the article title and alphabetize according to the article title in the bibliography (14.203).

• Include the title and author/sponsor of cited websites in the body of your paper as well as in the notes and bibliographic entries (14.244).
• Website citations should include: author, title, owner or sponsor of the site, date of publication, modification or revision and URL (14.245).
• The title of a website is not put in quotation marks and is not italicized unless it is also the title of a book.  Titled sections or pages within a website are put in quotation marks (14.244).
• If no publication, modification or revision date is available on the website, provide an access date (e.g. accessed May 18, 2005) (14.245). 
• A blog title needs to be italicized (e.g. Michael Geist's Blog) and the tiles of blog entries put in quotation marks.  Include also the word "blog" in parentheses if not part of the blog title, the date the blog entry was posted and a URL. Treat a blog entry in the same way you would an article in a periodical (14.244, 14.246).
• References to website content (a webpage rather than the whole website or an entire work) must be included in the notes but not necessarily in the bibliography (14.245).

You may want to include the full information in the body of your text. For example:
In his article on Nebo in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Morris Jastrow noted that...

Print Encyclopedia/

Dictionary

Note

Bibliography

(Unsigned / Signed article)

Online Encyclopedia/

Dictionary

Note

Bibliography

• Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually cited only in notes, with the edition specified but not all the publication facts. It is not necessary to list them in bibliographies. Other subject-specific and lesser-known encyclopedias and dictionaries should include publication details in both notes and bibliographic entries (14.247).
• The abbreviation "s.v." (sub verbo, Latin for "under the word") is used to identify the article's title that is not signed (14.247).
• It may be appropriate to include the author of an entry if the entry is signed (12.248).
• If you cite an online encyclopedia or dictionary, always include an access date in addition to the short form of the URL. This is because online versions of encyclopedias are subject to continuous updates (12.248).
• If the article you are citing was found in a database, provide the database name (e.g. Gale Virtual Reference Library) and any identification number in parentheses after the publication details (14.271).

• When citing lectures and papers presented, include the following information in the note and
  bibliography: the speaker's name, title of lecture or speech in quotation marks
  and the sponsorship, location and date of presentation.
• If you are citing a class lecture, include your professor's name, title of lecture in quotation marks,
  the course number and name and the location and date.
   

• Include such information as: creator(s), title, publisher, date and medium (e.g. DVD) (14.278).
• When citing online multimedia include the same information as when citing a film but also add an electronic file name or URL and access date if no publication details are provided.  If the online material is a digitized version of a performance or published source, then information about the original performance or source should be included in the note and bibliography (14.280).
• Film Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs, e.g. "Conversation with Annette") are treated as chapters and cited by title or by number (14.279). For example:

Beauvoir's book is referenced in Butler's journal article:

• As the style manual notes, citing sources from a secondary source is not a recommended practice. Whenever possible, the original source should be located and fully cited.
• In the footnote, start with the author and publication details of original work. Add the text "quoted in" and then add the author and publication details of the secondary work, the source you consulted. Make sure you use the correct format for a book or for an article (e.g. Note 18 vs. Note 28).
• The original and the secondary source must both appear in the Bibliography.

If you need to cite a source from a Custom Courseware package, here are two suggestions. However, our strong recommendation is to first check with your instructor.

1. Find the full citation where the article, chapter, etc. was originally published, and cite accordingly. The full citations may be included on the first page of the coursepack. If not, search a relevant database or the library catalogue, or ask a librarian.

2. Treat the Courseware package as an anthology, and the instructor who did the compilation as a book editor/compiler. Therefore, treat the article, chapter, etc. as if it was part of an anthology, or edited book. Most probably you will not have the page numbers, since the Custom Courseware is not a true publication and is not paginated throughout. You will also have to include the name of the compiler, the title of the Courseware, the name of the course (e.g. CMNS 210), the semester (e.g. Spring 2006) and the publisher (Simon Fraser University). Bear in mind that someone trying to find the article/chapter from a coursepack you cited might not have access to the same coursepack.

• The Chicago/Turabian style often requires that writers enter page numbers to a citation. However, RefWorks does not know which page number to use and automatically enters the page numbers stored in your RefWorks account - usually the starting page and/or a page range.
• RefWorks will allow you to use "switches" to alter your citations to include a specific page:

  /s - Cite a specific page in-text or in a footnote or endnote:
  The /s switch is an override for the page numbers stored in the database record. By applying this switch, you can cite specific page numbers in an in-text citation and in a generated footnote or endnote. Your citation should look like {{1 Smith 2003/s43}}. After formatting, it would be (Smith 2003, 43) for an in-text citation. A footnote would include p. 43 instead of the page numbers stored in your RefWorks account.

• See RefWorks documentation for full details on switches:
  http://www.refworks.com/refworks/help/Overview_Output.htm

• SFU Department of Political Science. Guidelines for Writing Essays and Research Papers | Electronic Citation Guide.
• UVic Department of History Essay Style Guide. A guide to writing history essays including samples of notes and bibliographical entries.
• The Chicago Manual of Style - Q & A. A searchable index of answered questions
• The Chicago Manual of Style: Examples of Chicago-Style Documentation: This authoritative guide, produced by the University of Chicago Press, provides examples in both Chicago notes/bibliography and author/date styles
• Chicago (CMS) Research Paper: This document, from Diana Hacker's site, is a helpfully annotated example of a research paper written and cited in Chicago notes/bibliography style
• Using Chicago Style to Cite and Document Sources: This chapter from Online!: A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources, is a comprehensive guide to citing Internet sources using both Chicago notes/bibliography and author/date styles